High cholesterol & fat level can increase the
risk of
Coronary heart
disease
Medical
physiology
SUPERVISOR:
DR MUHAMMAD NOMAN KHAN
Student
Name: UMNA AZAM
DEPARTMENT
OF PHYSIOLOGY
University of Karachi
Abstract:
According to international research
studies, there is a strong link between saturated fat consumption (dairy, fats,
and animal fats) and coronary heart disease (CHD).However; these research
studies alone are insufficient to establish a cause-and-effect relationship
between these two factors and rate of mortality. Dietary intervention trials
are also required.
Cholesterol deposits make form
plaque that causes the insides of the blood vessels to constrict and result in
atherosclerosis. Plaque buildup in the walls of the arteries that deliver blood
to the heart. Myocardial Infarction and irreversible damage to cardiac tissue
are leading to death consequences of CHD. We will quickly review the risk and
causes of coronary heart disease in this article.
Introduction:
Cholesterol is a type of fatty
molecule found in the blood. High cholesterol levels can put you at risk for
heart disease, despite the fact that your body needs cholesterol to build
healthy cells.
If you have excessive cholesterol,
you may develop fatty deposits in your blood vessels. These deposits gradually
build up to the point that blood flow is impeded through your arteries. These
deposits can rupture and create a clot, which can lead to a heart attack or
stroke. Although high cholesterol can be passed down through generations, it is
more often the product of bad lifestyle choices, making it both preventable and
treatable. A healthy diet, regular exercise, and, in some situations,
medication can help lower cholesterol levels. According to the National Heart,
Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), a person's first cholesterol screening
should take place between the ages of 9 and 11, and then every five years after
that (NHLBI). According to the NHLBI, cholesterol screenings should be done
every one to two years for men 45 to 65 and every one to two years for women 55
to 65, according to the NHLBI. Cholesterol tests should be done on anyone over
the age of 65 once a year. The role of high cholesterol and oxidative stress in
cardiovascular diseases has been extensively researched, as it is hypothesized
that various products derived from lipid peroxidation, such as oxysterols, or
altered protein expression, could cause cardiomyocyte damage, followed by
pathological changes.
Cholesterol is divided into two
types:
Lipoproteins are made up of a
combination of proteins and cholesterol. There are several types of
cholesterol, depending on what the lipoprotein transports.
Low-density
lipoprotein (LDL): LDL cholesterol, also known as
"bad" cholesterol, is capable of transporting cholesterol particles
throughout the body. LDL cholesterol builds up in the arteries' walls,
thickening and constricting them.
High-density
lipoprotein (HDL): The "good" cholesterol,
HDL (high-density lipoprotein), absorbs cholesterol and transports it back to
the liver. It is then evacuated from the body by the liver. High HDL
cholesterol levels can help to prevent the development of disease and stroke.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a
condition in which blood flow to the heart is obstructed. CAD, also referred to
as coronary heart disease (CHD), is the most common type of heart disease,
affecting 16.5 million people over the age of 20. Uncontrolled CAD can cause a
heart attack.
Atherosclerosis, or vascular damage
caused by cholesterol plaque formation in the arteries, is the most common
cause of CAD. When one or more of these arteries become partially or totally
blocked, blood flow is reduced. These arteries supply your heart with oxygen
and nutrient-rich blood. Your heart is a muscular organ that is responsible for
pumping blood throughout your entire body. A healthy heart pumps about 3,000
litres of blood into our body every day, according to the Cleveland Clinic. In
order to function effectively, your heart, like any other organ or muscle,
requires a stable supply of blood.
Symptoms of CAD can be caused by a
reduction in blood flow to the heart. Other rare forms of coronary artery
injury or blockage can reduce blood flow to the heart.
You may have a number of symptoms if
your heart does not receive enough arterial blood. Coronary artery disease is
marked by angina, which is the most common symptom (chest pain)... This
soreness is described by some as follows: • chest pain; heaviness; tightness;
burning; squeezing, Heartburn or indigestion can be mistaken for these
symptoms. Other CAD symptoms include: arm or shoulder pain, shortness of
breath, sweating, dizziness.
When your blood flow is restricted,
you may feel more symptoms. If blood flow is fully or nearly completely cut off
due to a blockage, your heart muscle will begin to die if it is not restored.
This is the result of a heart attack. Any of these symptoms should not be
ignored, especially if they are severe or remain for longer than five minutes.
Medical attention is required right away. Women may have the same symptoms as
men, but they're also more likely to have
•Nausea, vomiting, back pain, jaw
pain, and shortness of breath without chest discomfort.
Men are more likely than
premenopausal women to get heart disease. By the age of 70, postmenopausal
women are at the same risk as males. Your heart may grow weak, develop abnormal
cardiac rhythms (arrhythmia), or fail to pump as much blood as your body requires
as a result of decreasing blood flow. These heart problems will be observed by
your doctor during the diagnostic process.
The Framingham Heart Study (FHS),
published in 1957, was the first to use the terminology "risk
factors" in coronary heart disease (CHD). FHS demonstrated the
epidemiologic connections between cigarette smoking, blood pressure, and
cholesterol levels, as well as the prevalence of coronary artery disease
(CAD).The outcomes were truly revolutionary since they contributed to a shift
in how medicine is performed.
High blood pressure, high
cholesterol levels, and tobacco use are all risk factors.
•Fat • inactivity • insulin
resistance/hyperglycemia/diabetes mellitus • a history of preeclampsia during
pregnancy • poor eating habits • obstructive sleep apnea • mental stress
As people get older, their risk of
coronary artery disease rises. Based only on age as a risk factor, men begin to
have a higher risk of the disease at age 45, while women begin to have a higher
risk at age 55. If you have a family history of coronary artery disease, your
chances are even higher.
A study of your medical history, a
physical examination, and other medical testing are all required to diagnose
CAD. These tests include the following:
•An electrocardiogram is a test that
measures the electrical signals that go through your heart. It could aid your
doctor in determining if you've suffered a heart attack.
•This imaging test creates an image
of your heart using ultrasound waves. The results of this test will disclose whether
or not various components of your heart are working properly.
Stress tests, cardiac
catheterization (left heart catheterization), and a heart CT scan are also
included.If you've been diagnosed with CAD, it's critical to minimize or
control your risk factors and seek therapy to reduce your chances of having a
heart attack or stroke. Treatment is also influenced by your existing health,
lifestyle factors, and overall well-being. For example, if you have high
cholesterol or high blood pressure, your doctor may suggest medication therapy,
and if you have diabetes, you may be prescribed medicine to reduce your blood
sugar. Changes in your lifestyle can also lower your risk of heart disease and
stroke. Consider the following scenario:
•Stop smoking, limit or eliminate
alcohol intake, exercise frequently, lower your weight to a healthy level, and
consume a nutritious diet (low in saturated fat, sodium, and added sugar).
If lifestyle modifications and
medicines don't improve your condition, your doctor may advise a treatment to
enhance your heart's ability to pump. These procedures could include:
Balloon, angioplasty, coronary
artery bypass graft surgery, coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Conclusion:
When you have coronary artery
disease, you must be aware of your risks and take action to minimize the ones
you can manage. Diet, exercise, and quitting smoking are all part of this. It's
critical to follow your doctor's instructions for high blood pressure, high
cholesterol, diabetes, and other health problems. At least one of the primary
modifiable risk factors for Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is present in the
majority of people with coronary artery disease. Changing these factors has the
potential to lower the burden of CAD disease and cardiovascular mortality.
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